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[39] Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by indigenous peoples (mostly Tupi) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods. The pottery was found near Santarém and provides evidence that the tropical forest region supported a complex prehistoric culture. [178] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills. She’s telling me, 'If you stop, you’re gonna get hurt.'". Digital Television, using the SBTVD standard (based on the Japanese standard ISDB-T), was adopted on 29 June 2006 and launched on 2 November 2007. [278] In the footwear industry, in 2019, Brazil ranked 4th among world producers. [148] Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,[149][150] inside and outside the country through the infamous "Operation Condor". [257] Brazil is the largest producer of various agricultural commodities. [47][48], The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and radiocarbon dated to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). He pulled the trigger and killed the nigger and that was the end of the war.'". She recently teamed up with photographer Brian Palmer to capture 30 powerful testimonies from all walks of life in Richmond during the mid-20th century — a turbulent cultural era that saw the first integration of previously racially segregated schools in the region. [61][62][63][64] By the mid-16th century, cane sugar had become Brazil's most important export,[57][65] and slaves purchased in Sub-Saharan Africa, in the slave market of Western Africa[66] (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in Angola and Mozambique), had become its largest import,[67][68] to cope with plantations of sugarcane, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar. The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478. Brazil has a variety of desserts such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls), bolo de rolo (roll cake with goiabada), cocada (a coconut sweet), beijinhos (coconut truffles and clove) and romeu e julieta (cheese with goiabada). These emerged from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent nation state. [486] Machado de Assis, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil. The country has an extensive rail network of 28,538 kilometres (17,733 miles) in length, the tenth largest network in the world. Retrieved January 12, 2009", "Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually", "Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física", "Atta-Ur-Rahman, José Leite Lopes and Juan Martín Maldacena receive UNESCO science prizes", Brasileiro ganha a Medalha Fields, considerada o "Nobel da Matemática", "As 11 estradas mais incríveis do Brasil", Country Comparison to the World: Gini Index – Brazil, Ociosidade atinge 70% dos principais aeroportos, Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contêineres, "Navios esperam até 16 dias para atracar em porto do país, diz MDIC", "HC faz aniversário em meio a reformas que somam R$ 350 milhões", "Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries", "Rede Globo se torna a 2ª maior emissora do mundo", "Um ponto de IBOPE equivale a quantas pessoas? "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013, Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992, Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism", Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}10°S 52°W / 10°S 52°W / -10; -52. At the 1963 event, the Brazil national basketball team won one of its two world championship titles. [499] Popular snacks are pastel (a fried pastry); coxinha (a variation of chicken croquete); pão de queijo (cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca); pamonha (corn and milk paste); esfirra (a variation of Lebanese pastry); kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine); empanada (pastry) and empada, little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm. [18] Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments. The TTCI report notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground transport infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 116th), with the quality of roads ranking in 105th place; and the country continues to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked 114th), due in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high prices and high taxation. Valerie Perkins — attended George Wythe High School during desegregation. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the Constitution. [407] Skin color and facial features do not line quite well with ancestry (usually, Afro-Brazilians are evenly mixed and European ancestry is dominant in Whites and pardos with a significant non-European contribution, but the individual variation is great). Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors. [526] São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007. [143], Kubitschek's successor, Jânio Quadros, resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office. [403], Race and ethnicity in Brazil[404][405][406], Socioeconomic factors are also significant, because a minority of pardos are likely to start declaring themselves White or Black if socially upward. Dr. Leonard Edloe — attended Armstrong High School during the desegregation years. Brand new bag (of popcorn), just popped it Most of all, I hope that they will understand how many people they might encounter in their daily lives who have had these kinds of life-altering experiences — and take the time to engage with them in meaningful conversation. The purchasing power in Brazil is eroded by the so-called Brazil cost. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the Portuguese conquest of French Guiana. [181][182], An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas;[13][14] it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world;[15] as well as the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country. The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, promulgated on 5 October 1988, and the fundamental law of Brazil. [416], Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba[415][417] and also in northern Maranhão,[418][419] southern Minas Gerais[420] and in eastern Rio de Janeiro. [458], Learning at least one second language (generally English or Spanish) is mandatory for all the 12 grades of the mandatory education system (primary and secondary education, there called ensino fundamental and ensino médio respectively). The Tupí people were subdivided into the Tupiniquins and Tupinambás, and there were also many subdivisions of the other groups. [339], Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests Bartolomeu de Gusmão, Landell de Moura and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides Alberto Santos-Dumont,[340] Evaristo Conrado Engelberg,[341] Manuel Dias de Abreu,[342] Andreas Pavel[343] and Nélio José Nicolai. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi). Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings. Brazil (Portuguese: Brasil; Brazilian Portuguese: ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.At 8.5 million square kilometers (3.2 million square miles) and with over 211 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous. [69][70] Portuguese Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years of 1500 to 1800. [506] During the 19th century, dramatic theater gained importance and thickness, whose first representative was Luis Carlos Martins Pena (1813–1848), capable of describing contemporary reality. It covers a wide range of activities: commerce, accommodation and catering, transport, communications, financial services, real estate activities and services provided to businesses, public administration (urban cleaning, sanitation, etc.) [264][265] It was also the second largest producer of beef,[266] the world's third largest producer of milk,[267] the world's fourth largest producer of pork[268] and the seventh largest producer of eggs in the world. [527] On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016 Paralympic Games, making it the first South American city to host the games[528] and second in Latin America, after Mexico City. [338] According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009-2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District.