[253] Corbyn announced on the day that he would attend the debate in Cambridge, calling on May to do the same. The election resulted in the third hung parliament since the Second World War, elections in February 1974 and 2010 having previously resulted in hung parliaments. Note 2: See note on turnout figures above. The highest combined share of the vote for the two main parties since 1970, it was suggested this indicated a return to two-party politics[5] caused by tactical voting[402] which led to the Conservatives having a smaller share of seats despite an increased number of votes. [430] On 11 June George Osborne, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, described May as a "dead woman walking". ... UK Results. [356] Afterwards they started making changes to polling practices; recommendations from a review by the British Polling Council are likely to result in further changes. While the Liberal Democrats and their predecessors had long been the third-largest party in British politics, they returned only 8 MPs in 2015 (having been part of the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition from 2010 until 2015)—49 fewer than at the previous election and the fewest in their modern history. [296] In an episode of Have I Got News for You aired during the campaign period, Ian Hislop, editor of Private Eye, suggested the BBC was biased in favour of the Conservatives. [288][289] Mick Temple, professor of Journalism and Politics at Staffordshire University, characterised the negativity Corbyn and Labour received during this election as more hostile than that which Ed Miliband and Labour received during the 2015 general election. The proportions of voters for each party and non-voters was then weighted to the actual results by region. On 28 March 2017, the Scottish Parliament approved a motion requesting that Westminster pass a Section 30 order giving the Parliament the authority to hold a second independence referendum,[152] suggesting that there had been a "material change of circumstances" since the independence referendum in 2014 as a result of Britain's vote to leave the EU and Scotland's vote to remain. [409] Likeability of party leaders also narrowed over the course of the campaign. The data were also weighted to the population profile of Great Britain. In the 2015 general election, polling companies underestimated the Conservative Party vote and overestimated the Labour Party vote[355] and so failed to predict the result accurately. [417], The results of the 2017 general election indicate the tilting of Britain's political axis, which reflects long-term trends. These saw large gains by the Conservatives, and large losses by Labour and UKIP. The deadline for the receipt and determination of anonymous electoral registration applications is one working day before the publication date of the notice of alteration to the Electoral Register (that is, the sixth working day before polling day). [294] After the election, the press turned on Theresa May,[297] who had run on a campaign that platformed her as a 'strong and stable' leader, and they described her as 'weak and wobbly', 'robotic', the 'zombie prime minister', and a 'dead woman walking'. In Northern Ireland, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) won 10 seats, Sinn Féin won seven, and Independent Unionist Sylvia Hermon retained her seat. Their intention was to swing the elections for Labour. [107], Local elections in England, Scotland and Wales took place on 4 May. Despite contesting 10 seats last time, UKIP did not stand in Northern Ireland. [304] Left-wing websites, like The Canary, The Skwawkbox and Another Angry Voice complained that the BBC was pro-Tory and anti-Corbyn. After securing 3.8% of the vote and one MP in the previous general election, Green Party leader Natalie Bennett was succeeded by joint leaders Caroline Lucas and Jonathan Bartley in September 2016. [436] Various commentators suggested this raises problems for the UK government's role as a neutral arbiter in Northern Ireland, as is required under the Good Friday Agreement. [404], Published in August 2017, the British Election Study (BES), which surveyed 30,000 voters, found that despite a relatively low profile in the campaign, Brexit was considered to be the single most important issue facing the country by over a third of respondents. [94], Notwithstanding national arrangements, the Liberal Democrats, the Greens, and UKIP indicated they might not stand in every constituency. In England, Labour made a net gain of 21 seats, taking 25 constituencies from the Conservatives and two from the Liberal Democrats. He had served as the seat's Conservative MP between 2010 and 2016. Turnout at the 2019 General Election was 67.3% across the UK, a decrease of 1.5 percentage points from 2017 (68.8%) but still the second-highest turnout since 1997. [61], In Wales, 213 candidates stood for election. 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[320], Former UKIP leader Nigel Farage announced that he would not stand, saying he could be more effective as an MEP. The Liberal Democrats made a net gain of four seats. [246] Labour subsequently ruled out Corbyn taking part in television debates without May. Turnout in the 2017 election is likely to have been roughly 78 per cent. [426][427] On 9 June, May apologised to candidates who lost their seats and confirmed she would continue as party leader and prime minister, with the intention of forming a minority government with support from the Democratic Unionist Party to ensure "certainty". The two measures should not be confused1. Turnout was 68.8%, up from 66.3% in 2015, the highest General Election turnout since 1997. [290] Jeremy Corbyn was portrayed as a coward,[291] and he and his closest allies were accused of being terrorist sympathizers. [351] UKIP major donor Arron Banks, who had earlier indicated his intention to stand in Clacton to defeat Douglas Carswell, withdrew in favour of the UKIP candidate after Carswell announced he would be standing down. [77], Former Labour MP Simon Danczuk stood as an independent candidate, after being rejected from standing with that party and then withdrawing his party membership. [58][59] The DUP, Sinn Féin, SDLP, UUP and APNI were all led by new party leaders, changed since the 2015 election. [427] May's joint chiefs of staff Nick Timothy and Fiona Hill resigned, replaced by Gavin Barwell, who had lost his seat in the election. Newspapers, organisations and individuals endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election. It proposed seeking to remain part of some EU programmes where it would "be reasonable that we make a contribution", staying as a signatory of the European Convention on Human Rights over the next parliament, and maintaining the Human Rights Act during Brexit negotiations. [404] Political scientist John Curtice found that the Conservatives tended to experience a greater increase in vote share in seats with a higher proportion of working-class voters, particularly those that voted Leave in the EU referendum. [145] He also declined to answer whether as prime minister he would use nuclear weapons if the UK was under imminent nuclear threat.[147]. UKIP, then led by Nigel Farage, who was later replaced by Diane James and then by Paul Nuttall in 2016, won 12.7% of the vote in 2015 but gained only one MP, Douglas Carswell, who left the party in March 2017 to sit as an independent. Election results showing the best-performing party in each constituency, other than Conservative or Labour. With the Alliance Party failing to win any seats or regain Belfast East, this left the DUP with ten seats (up from eight) and Sinn Féin with seven (up from four); independent unionist Sylvia Hermon retained North Down. [73][74], Tony Lloyd, a former Labour MP for Manchester Central who served as Greater Manchester Police and Crime Commissioner from 2012 and interim Mayor of Greater Manchester since 2015 stood in Rochdale. The Liberal Democrats took five seats from the Conservatives, including Twickenham, won back by Vince Cable, and Kingston and Surbiton, won by Ed Davey,[393] but lost two seats to Labour: Leeds North West and Sheffield Hallam, the seat of former party leader Nick Clegg. [198], On 7 May, Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell ruled out rises in VAT and in income tax and employee national insurance contributions for those with earnings below £80,000 per year. [205], In a speech at Chatham House on 12 May, Corbyn set out his foreign policy, saying he would reshape Britain's foreign relations, avoid the use of nuclear weapons, and while Labour supported Trident renewal he would initiate a defence review in government. The Green Party retained its sole seat, but saw its share of the vote reduced. [223] The party reportedly targeted seats which had voted to remain in the EU, such as Twickenham, Oxford West and Abingdon, and Vauxhall. [179] On 11 May the Conservatives promised above-inflation increases in defence spending alongside its NATO commitment to spend at least 2% of GDP on defence. [213][214] Compared to the leaked draft, the manifesto was noted for toughening Labour's position on defence and Trident, confirming that outside the EU free movement would have to end, qualifying support for airport expansion, and clarifying the party's stance on Israel-Palestine, as well as other changes. The Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies was not due to report until 2018,[7] and therefore this general election took place under existing boundaries, enabling direct comparisons with the results by constituency in 2015. [93] Labour ruled out an electoral pact with the SNP, Liberal Democrats and Greens. Smaller parties that contested the 2015 election and chose not to put forward candidates in 2017 included Mebyon Kernow, the Communist Party of Britain, the Scottish Socialist Party, and the National Front. [106], The general election came soon after the Northern Ireland Assembly election on 2 March. [185] The manifesto was noted for its intervention in industry, lack of tax cuts and increased spending commitments on public services. However, note that because of the alterations to the electoral registration system since the 2015 election, there may have been significant changes in the proportion of different groups who are registered to vote, so comparisons of the registration-based turnout figures from 2015 to 2017 may give a misleading impression of changes in a group’s voting behaviour. 69.1%. Talks on power-sharing between the DUP and Sinn Féin had failed to reach a conclusion, with Northern Ireland thus facing either another Assembly election, or the imposition of direct rule. In Northern Ireland, the SDLP lost its three seats (Foyle and South Down to Sinn Féin and Belfast South to the DUP), while the UUP lost its two seats (Fermanagh and South Tyrone to Sinn Féin and South Antrim to the DUP). Turnout in Scotland was the highest of any UK country (68.1%) [397] High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and ex-First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon.[398]. Homepage. [137], The Conservative manifesto proposed more government control and regulation of the Internet, including forcing Internet companies to restrict access to extremist and adult content. issued regular forecasts based on current opinion poll averages, Betting Markets, expert predictions and other sources on their website. [405], Compared to previous elections, turnout by private renters increased (from 51% in 2010 to 65%) and favoured Labour to a greater degree, with the party achieving a 23-point lead over the Conservatives among private renters; the Conservatives maintained a 14-point lead among homeowners. [209] The next day Corbyn set out plans to spend £37bn on the NHS in England over a five-year parliament, including £10bn on IT upgrades and building repairs. Corbyn's actions in the previous parliament therefore dispelled the doubts of Labour voters who had voted to leave the EU. [357] Almost all polls and predictions were for seats in Great Britain only, with Northern Irish parties being either absent from the totals or counted as "other". [154] After the final results were announced the SNP had lost 13% of the Scottish vote and one third of their seats - leading Sturgeon to conclude that, “Undoubtedly the issue of an independence referendum was a factor in this election result, but I think there were other factors as well”. [104] The Conservatives held the safe seat of Sleaford and North Hykeham in December 2016. [288] The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) received next to no coverage during the campaign[287] (0.4% of appearances) but were prominent in coverage after the election.[288]. [305] The BBC's political editor Laura Kuenssberg particularly received criticism for her election coverage. Compared with the last general election in 2015, turnout among the population as whole rose by 16 points among 18-24 year olds, and by eight points among 25-34 year olds. [287] While in the first two weeks of the election period policy made up less than half of all broadcast coverage,[287] over the whole campaign policy received more coverage in all media than during the previous election,[288] particularly after manifestos were published in the third week, when close to eight in ten broadcast news items were primarily about policy issues. Opinion polls had consistently shown strong leads for the Conservatives over Labour. [204] The next day Labour's Clause V meeting endorsed the manifesto after amendments from shadow cabinet members and trade unions present. The leaders of the SNP, Plaid Cymru and the DUP are not MPs; hence, they appoint separate leaders in the House of Commons. [175] May indicated that the Conservatives would maintain their net immigration target, and promised to implement a cap on "rip-off energy prices",[176][177] a policy that appeared in Labour's 2015 manifesto. [108] Initially scheduled for 4 May, a by-election in Manchester Gorton was cancelled; the seat was contested on 8 June along with all the other seats. It was the first election in which the Tories had a net loss of seats or Labour had a net gain of seats since 1997. [288] When newspaper circulation size is accounted for, the Conservative Party was the only party to receive a positive evaluation overall from the press. Scotland meanwhile saw a spike in voters with 68.1% of the electorate voting compared to 66.5% in 2017. [245] On 19 April, the BBC and ITV announced they planned to host leaders' debates, as they had done in the 2010 and 2015 elections, whether or not May took part. A third party took ten of these seats: nine were Conservative gains from the SNP in seats that the SNP had won from Labour in 2015, whilst Portsmouth South, which the Conservatives had gained from the Lib Dems in 2015, was then gained by Labour in 2017. [186] On Brexit it committed to leaving the single market and customs union while seeking a "deep and special partnership" and promised a vote in parliament on the final agreement. How and why the ground campaign failed", "Labour party to hold emergency selections for constituencies", "Record Number of Women Labour Election Candidates", "Steve Rotheram will STAND DOWN as Walton MP – leaving just 5 days to replace him", "SNP rules not to endorse two sitting MPs as general election candidates", "Esther McVey selected for Osborne's old seat", "Zac Goldsmith wins Conservative nomination for Richmond Park", "Tory grandee Ken Clarke to stand down in 2020 after 50 years in Commons", "General election campaigning begins as MPs back June poll", "Rochdale general election: Tony Lloyd chosen for Labour", "Election 2017: Which MPs are standing down, and who might be standing? [218][219], The SNP, keen to maintain its position as the third-largest party in the House of Commons, made the need to protect Scotland's interests in the Brexit negotiations a central part of its campaign. [97] The Scottish Green Party contested just three constituencies. [442] A leadership election followed. [140] The Conservative stance on regulation of the internet and social media was criticised by Farron and the Open Rights Group. [415] For the first time, a majority of MPs were educated at state comprehensive schools. [133], Former Conservative strategist Steve Hilton said Theresa May should be "resigning not seeking re-election", because her police cuts and security failures had led to the attacks. Caroline Lucas remained the sole Green Party MP, retaining Brighton Pavilion. [183] The proposals were characterised as an "unabashed pitch for Labour voters"; however Labour and the GMB trade union criticised the government's past record on workers' rights. The Conservative Party and the Labour Party have been the two biggest parties since 1922, and have supplied all Prime Ministers since 1935. [184] It proposed to balance the budget by 2025, raise spending on the NHS by £8bn per year and on schools by £4bn per year by 2022, remove the ban on grammar schools, means-test the winter fuel allowance, replace the state pension "triple lock" with a "double lock" and require executive pay to be approved by a vote of shareholders. [216][217], In an interview following the manifesto launch, Unite general secretary Len McCluskey said victory for Labour in the general election would be "extraordinary" and that winning just 200 seats (compared to 229 seats held at the time) would be a "successful" result; the following morning he clarified he was now "optimistic" about Labour's chances. Thus, several approaches are used to convert polling data and other information into seat predictions. [196][197] Labour later stated that the £300 million cost would be funded by reversing cuts to capital gains taxes, although it was noted that the party had also pledged some of those savings towards other expenditure plans. [62] In Great Britain, 183 candidates stood as independents; minor parties included the Christian Peoples Alliance which contested 31 seats, the Yorkshire Party which stood in 21, the Official Monster Raving Loony Party in 12, the British National Party in 10, the Pirate Party in 10, the English Democrats in 7, the Women's Equality Party in 7, the Social Democratic Party in 6, the National Health Action Party in 5 and the Workers Revolutionary Party in 5, while an additional 79 candidates stood for 46 other registered political parties. [184] It dropped the 2015 pledge to not raise income tax or national insurance contributions but maintained a commitment to freeze VAT. [233] Farron proposed financial incentives for graduates joining the armed forces and committed to NATO's 2% of GDP defence spending target. [428], On 10 June, a survey of 1,500 ConservativeHome readers found that almost two-thirds of Conservative Party members wanted Theresa May to resign. News coverage showed Aldridge balancing campaigning with revision for his A-level examinations, even missing the start of his end-of-year ball to speak at a hustings in Kendal. [29][30], On 25 April, the election date was confirmed as 8 June,[31] with dissolution on 3 May. [255][256], STV planned to host a live TV debate in Glasgow with four Scottish party leaders on 24 May,[257] but it was postponed, owing to the Manchester Arena bombing. [116] There were unsuccessful calls for polling day to be postponed. [169][170][171] While some speculated that an investigation into campaign spending by the Conservatives in the 2015 general election was a factor behind the snap election,[172][173] on 10 May the Crown Prosecution Service said that despite evidence of inaccurate spending returns, no further action was required. Eunice Goes, ‘Jez, We Can!’ Labour's Campaign: Defeat with a Taste of Victory, Parliamentary Affairs, Volume 71, Issue suppl_1, March 2018, Pages 59–71, S. Cushion, 'Conventional wisdom distorted TV news coverage of campaign' in, D. Deacon et al., 'A tale of two leaders: news media coverage of the 2017 General Election' in, S. Banaji, 'Young people and propaganda in the wake of the 2017 election' in, S. Barnett, 'Is our national press a fading dinosaur? Up to the minute results in the 2017 General Election from BBC News. [298], Broadcast media, by giving airtime directly to Jeremy Corbyn and his policy ideas, was seen as playing a significant role during the election in presenting him as someone less frightening that the newspapers had presented him and more engaging than Theresa May. [404] The swing to Labour was high in those seats with large numbers of young people. [65], Former employment minister Esther McVey was selected to contest Tatton. Municipal Elections and Corozal Bay By-Election Update: Turnout averaging under 20 percent for municipals, 25 percent for by-election in Corozal Published by … [407] In terms of education, YouGov found that a one-point lead for the Conservatives among university graduates in 2015 had flipped to a 17-point lead for Labour in 2017. UKIP, the third-largest party in 2015 by number of votes, saw its share of the vote reduced from 12.6% to 1.8% and lost its only seat. [128] The Conservatives stated that spending on counter-terrorism for both the police and other agencies had risen. The 2017 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday, 8 June 2017, two years after the previous general election in 2015. [183], Unveiling the Conservative manifesto in Halifax on 18 May, May promised a "mainstream government that would deliver for mainstream Britain". [294] When newspapers' articles were measured by their positivity and negativity towards and against the parties running in the election, The Sun, The Daily Telegraph, the Daily Express and the Daily Mail provided support for the Conservatives and The Guardian and the Daily Mirror provided support for the Labour party. Turnout and Electorate Turnout. After all 650 constituencies had been declared, the results were:[419][420]. [143][144], The UK's nuclear weapons, including the renewal of the Trident system, also featured in the campaign. The first expresses turnout as a % of all resident adults, which is what our sample is based on. [446], Figures inside and outside the Conservative Party criticised its campaign widely. Latest general election results from the UK’s 650 constituencies. The total registered electorate was 46.8 million, up from 46.4 million in 2015. [244] The Prime Minister's office initially opposed the idea. [86][87] Gina Miller, who took the government to court over Article 50, set out plans to tour marginal constituencies in support of pro-EU candidates. The Scottish National Party (SNP) and the Liberal Democrats, the third- and fourth-largest parties, both lost vote share; media coverage characterised the result as a return to two-party politics. UKIP failed to win any seats, its vote share falling from 12.6% at the previous general election to just 1.8%; party leader Paul Nuttall came third in Boston and Skegness. The result was noted for increased vote shares for Labour (up 9.6 percentage points) and the Conservatives (up 5.5 percentage points), with a combined 82.4% share of the vote, up from 67.3% in 2015. Plaid Cymru retained its three existing seats and gained Ceredigion, the Liberal Democrats' only seat in Wales. [141][142], On 6 June, May promised longer prison sentences for people convicted of terrorism and restrictions on the freedom of movement or deportation of militant suspects when it is thought they present a threat but there is not enough evidence to prosecute them, stating that she would change human rights laws to do so if necessary. The question of a proposed Scottish independence referendum was also thought likely to influence the campaign in Scotland. [64] The Liberal Democrats agreed to stand down in Brighton Pavilion. [134][135] Corbyn backed calls for May to resign, but said she should be removed by voters. This is part of one of the biggest surveys ever undertaken into British voting behaviour, and is the largest yet that asks people how they actually cast their ballots in the 2017 election. [158] On 19 April, May warned against a Labour–SNP–Lib Dem pact that would "divide our country". May said that she had already debated Corbyn many times in parliament, and that she would be meeting the public instead. By overestimating the number of registered voters, official sources underestimated the proportion of the electorate that voted. [79][80], Ahead of the general election, crowdfunding groups such as More United and Open Britain were formed to promote candidates of similar views standing for election, and a "progressive alliance" was proposed. [403][404] Research company Ipsos MORI considered age to be one of the most significant factors behind the result; compared to the 2015 general election, under-45s tended to opt more for Labour and over-54s for the Conservatives. [224][225] Bob Marshall-Andrews, a Labour MP from 1997 to 2010, announced he would support the Liberal Democrats. We have also provided a figure for all those registered, however for the reasons expressed here we believe the first figure is both more reliable and more meaningful. For example, right-wing papers The Sun and the Daily Mail complained that the audience at the BBC run leaders' debate was pro-Corbyn, and the Daily Mail asked why the topic of immigration, one of the Conservatives favoured issues, was barely mentioned; and right-wing websites Breitbart London and Westmonster said BBC coverage on Brexit was pro-EU. [239][240] In response to the proposed burqa ban UKIP's foreign affairs spokesperson James Carver resigned, labelling the policy "misguided". [111], All parties suspended campaigning for a time in the wake of the Manchester Arena bombing on 22 May. [409] It found more than half of UKIP voters in 2015 went to the Conservatives, while 18% went to Labour. Under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 an election had not been due until May 2020, but Prime Minister Theresa May's call for a snap election was ratified by the necessary two-thirds vote in the House of Commons on 19 April 2017. [297][304] The London Economic had the most shared election-related article online during the campaign. If one party obtains a majority of seats, then that party is entitled to form the Government, with its leader as Prime Minister. Having won 56 of 59 Scottish seats at the last general election, the SNP lost a total of 21 seats, and majorities in its remaining seats were greatly reduced. Turnout also rose among social classes C1 and C2, but fell slightly among men in social class AB. [247], Broadcaster Andrew Neil separately interviewed the party leaders in The Andrew Neil Interviews on BBC One, starting on 22 May with Theresa May. [114], Major political parties also suspended campaigning for a second time on 4 June, following the London Bridge attack. [188] She criticised the "fake" portrayal of the policy in recent days by Labour and other critics, who had termed it a "dementia tax". [199] The following day Labour outlined plans to ban junk food TV adverts and parking charges at NHS hospitals. [17], On 18 May, The Independent reported that more than 1.1 million people between 18 and 35 had registered to vote since the election was announced on 18 April. [249] ITV Tonight also ran a series of programmes with the major party leaders.[250]. In Wales, Labour held 25 seats and gained Cardiff North, Gower and Vale of Clwyd from the Conservatives, leaving the Welsh Tories with eight seats. [21][22] A House of Commons motion to allow this was passed on 19 April, with 522 votes for and 13 against, a majority of 509. [163] May reiterated her commitment to spending 0.7% of GNI on foreign aid. [432], Negotiations between the Conservatives and the DUP began on 9 June. in, J. G. Blumler, 'Looking on the bright side for a change' in, M. Moore and G. Ramsay, 'Caught in the middle: the BBC's impossible impartiality dilemma' in, M. Wheeler, 'The use and abuse of the vox pop in the 2017 UK General Election television news coverage' in, E. Thorsen, D. Jackson, D. Lilleker, 'Introduction' in, E. Harmer and R. Southern, 'Process, personalities and polls: online news coverage of the UK General Election 2017' in, D. Lilleker, 'Like me, share me: the people's social media campaign' in, M. Shephard, 'Social media and the Corbyn breakthrough' in, V. Polonski, 'From voices to votes: how young people used social media to influence the General Election' in, S. Schifferes, 'From Brexit to Corbyn: agenda setting, framing and the UK media – a research agenda' in, A. 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